您IP所在的地区,暂不支持官方真题素材

建议使用其他功能进行听力练习

返回
小站备考
托福
托福听力
Official49听力真题

托福official49听力lecture1 Thaw lakes in Alaska原文解析+翻译音频

展开
Tip:单击查看句义;划选/双击查生词

[00:00.00]NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.
[00:04.38]MALE PROFESSOR: Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incredible landscapes. Uh, [00:10.13]permafrost has a lot to do with this. [00:13.71]That is, the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen, except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.
[00:26.11] The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—[00:31.20]and most of these are what we call thaw lakes. T-h-a-w. Thaw lakes. [00:38.49] I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute, so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.[00:44.25]So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK, it starts with ice wedges.[00:53.14] The top part of the ice wedge melts—[00:56.10]Should I back up?
[00:57.49]Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground, the permafrost, then freezes. [01:05.25] You ever see mud after it dries? [01:07.90]Dried mud has cracks, because when it dries, it contracts, it shrinks.
[01:13.95]Well, in winter, permafrost behaves similarly. [01:17.97]It shrinks in winter, because it freezes even more thoroughly then, [01:22.10] and as it shrinks, it forms deep, deep cracks. [01:26.55]Then in the summer, when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts, the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost, then freezes again—because that ground, the ground beneath the active layer, is still below freezing. [01:43.65]So, you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.
[01:47.93]Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost, because water expands when it freezes. [01:55.42] All right? OK, [01:57.27]then in autumn, the active layer on top freezes again. [02:02.40]Then in winter, the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider. [02:10.57]So the next summer, when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider. [02:22.00] So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.
[02:27.95]So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size, its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer. [02:37.76]And that's the beginning of your thaw lake. [pause] [02:41.63] There are thousands of them in northern Alaska. [02:44.74]One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly have the same shape. Like an elongated oval, or egg shape. And what's more, all the ovals are oriented in the same way. [03:00.42]Here's an idea of what they look like, what the landscape looks like from an aerial view, with the lakes side by side.
[03:07.61]There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way. [03:15.30]We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed, [03:22.15]but the question is, what makes them grow this way?
[03:26.45]One theory sees winds as the cause. [03:30.01]This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes. [03:35.35]What happens is, wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.
[03:40.64]Now, wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction? [03:43.50]The same direction as the wind? [03:44.82]Well…no.[03:46.45]Actually, what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment[03:54.71]—it's called a “protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them; [04:01.14]so that bank is shielded from erosion, and the waves are diverted to the sides, to the left and to the right, [04:08.62]and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.
[04:12.95]Get it? The bank straight ahead is protected, [04:16.82]but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.[04:22.19]That's the current model, um, the wind erosion model, which is generally accepted.
[04:27.53] But, there's a new theory that says that [deliberately] thaw slumping, not wind, is what shapes the thaw lakes.
[04:36.70]Thaw slumping, um…OK. [04:40.26]Sometimes, in the summer, the temperature rises pretty quickly. [04:43.92]So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil. [04:49.44]So the sides of the thaw lakes get, like, mushy, and slump, or slide, into the lake. [04:57.05]Then, the lake water spreads out more, and the lake gets bigger, OK?
[05:02.55]Also, in that part of Alaska, the terrain is gently sloped, so the lakes are all on an incline. [05:09.77]Here. Now, this is an exaggeration of the angle—[05:15.40]the hill isn't this steep—[05:17.18]but see how with the lake's banks, the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller, lower. [05:24.61]This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does, so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.[05:36.33]When the short banks of many lakes slump, they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.
[05:46.45]This is a new theory, so it hasn't been tested much yet. [05:50.86]In field studies, when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes, there's not much evidence of slumping. [05:57.04]We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there, from the slumping, but we haven't really found many of those.

1.What is the main purpose of the lecture? [Click on two answers.]

你的答案:
正确答案:CD
题目解析:
 后才能查看题目解析,还没有账号? 马上注册
C:What we call the active layer of permafrost,which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.   D:There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way. What makes them grow this way? 从这些内容来看,整个Lecture都在围绕着融湖是如何形成的。并且文章中提出了两个不同的理论来论证。第一个理论将“风”作为融湖朝向的起因,而第二理论则认为是坍塌造成的。

学习页面

Medi

terr

anean

加强 + 政府 + 名词后缀

加强的政府——管理

原文例句

加入生词

本文生词 0

色块区域是你收藏过的生词;

查询次数越多,颜色越深哦~

显示文中生词

登录后才能收藏生词哦,现在登录注册>

本文重点词 45

文中加粗单词为本文重点词;

根据词频与核心词范围精心挑选,托福考试必掌握词汇。

显示文中重点词
学习本文词汇

文中划选/双击的生词、加粗重点词已收纳至词盒

可随时点击词盒查看哦~

只有在词句精学模式下才能开启词盒功能哦~

我知道了

词盒
收藏
笔记
我的笔记
5000
保存
反馈