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托福official54听力lecture1 Migration of Zooplankton原文解析+翻译音频

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[00:00.00]NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.[00:03.30]FEMALE PROFESSOR: And the sea is teeming with tiny organisms, but they don't get as much popular attention as, say, whales.
[00:10.62]Microscopic algae just aren't as exciting, I suppose, [00:14.15]and yet those organisms are the foundation of the bulk of the marine food chain. [00:18.74]Without plankton, which is the global term for these tiny organisms, there would be no whales.[00:24.22]Plankton is found both in freshwater and marine environments. [00:28.98]Again, it's a term we use for any small organisms that float along with the current, either because they're too small or weak to swim against it, or because they don't have any capacity at all to move by themselves.
[00:40.71]Plants and plantlike plankton are called phytoplankton , while animals and animal-like plankton are called zooplankton.
[00:48.49]For over a century now, researchers have been trying to solve a mystery about zooplankton.
[00:54.17]You see, some species of zooplankton migrate, er, n-n-not the way birds do when the seasons change, [01:01.72]but daily, in a phenomenon we call diel vertical migration, or DVM.[01:17.24]Depending on the species and region, this can be a round trip of between one hundred and four hundred meters.
[01:23.95]For a tiny microscopic organism, that's a huge distance!Remember now, zooplankton can't swim very well, and DVM requires a lot of energy, [01:35.21]so there must be an important benefit to this daily up and down commuting. [01:40.22]We're not exactly sure what this benefit is, [01:43.17]though there are several compelling theories.
[01:45.60]I'll talk about them in a moment, but first, I want to talk about what we do know, or rather, what we're pretty sure we know.
[01:52.10]So, researchers generally agree that the stimulus for zooplankton DVM is light.[01:58.55]Zooplankton tend to swim away from sunlight into deeper water where the Sun's rays barely penetrate. [02:04.87]At night, when the Sun no longer illuminates shallower water, zooplankton head back toward the surface.[02:11.26]Now, why would light cause zooplankton to expend all that energy and migrate?
[02:17.17]One popular theory is that zooplankton are hiding during the day from visual predators, uh, those animals that hunt by sight. The darkness provides safety during the day.
[02:28.31]Then at night, after migrating upward, they have an opportunity to feed on phytoplankton that float at the surface. [02:35.42]Makes sense, doesn't it?
[02:36.90]But what do we do with the data showing that many kinds of zooplankton don't dive deep enough during the day to become invisible to predators? Or that others dive deeper than is necessary to escape hunters' eyes? [02:49.98]And that some zooplankton are bioluminescent? Which means they have special organs that light up and make them visible even at great depths.
[02:58.30]Well, despite all this, we believe predator avoidance is a possible explanation because of studies done in freshwater lakes. [03:06.34]It turns out there's a correlation between the presence or absence of vertical migration and the presence or absence of fish that find their prey by sight.[03:15.92]But what are some other possible explanations?
[03:19.16]Some researchers suggest that zooplankton migrate to avoid the Sun's ultraviolet light. [03:25.05]That would explain why some zooplankton are found at such great depths—[03:29.41]visible light may not penetrate very far down, but ultraviolet light can. [03:34.52]And we know that some zooplankton have special pigments that protect them from the damage ultraviolet light can cause.
[03:41.52]That could be why some zooplankton are able to stay closer to the surface during daylight hours.
[03:46.70]And there's a third theory.
[03:48.78]Although it takes a lot of energy for the zooplankton to migrate, they conserve energy while floating in deeper, colder water. [03:56.29]So, while they're not feeding, they're quietly digesting in cooler water.
[04:00.74]But remember, zooplankton consist of any number of different organisms, [04:05.96]from microscopic worms to crab larvae to tiny fish, and they are found in a large range of marine habitats—cold water, warm water, shallow water, deep water...
[04:16.67]so, there may be different reasons for different species.

1.What does the professor mainly discuss?

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对应原文:Plants and plant-like plankton are called phytoplankton while animals and animal-like plankton are called zooplankton. For over a century now, researchers have been trying to solve the mystery about zooplankton. You see some species of zooplankton migrate are……um…… not the way birds do when the seasons change. But daily, in the phenomenon we call Diel Vertical Migration or DVM, in the Diel Vertical Migration, zooplankton swim up near the surface of the water during the night and swim down to deeper water during the day. Depending on the species and region, this can be a round trip of between 100 and 400 meters. 解析:本题为内容主旨题,题干问教授主要讨论的问题是什么?讲座一开始给出了浮游生物的定义,并提到浮游生物每天会纵向迁徙,晚上的时候,微生物会游到水面,而到白天的时候,又会游到更深的水域,科学家正在尝试揭开这个谜团,并且后文都是关于科学家对这个现象提出的猜想,综合全文来看,本题选D。 A选项的意思为:浮游动物在海洋食物链里的重要性,只在开头提到了一下,不是主旨,故排除; B选项的意思为:两种微小的海洋微生物的相互联系,没提到联系,故排除; C选项的意思为:一种让浮游动物擅长游泳的身体特点,原文未提及,故排除;

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