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OFFICIAL50 In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that King Joao's courtiers "hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates"?

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The Achievement of Brazilian Independence
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In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil's drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of the mother country. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788-1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But this conspiracy never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.

The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil's ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. ln one sense, however, Brazil's new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of the country.

Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil's new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on who came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.

The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but they were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates , he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind him, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.

Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "l remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.

9.In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that King Joao's courtiers "hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates"?

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正确答案:B
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【题目翻译】:在第4段中,为什么提交人提到Joao国王的朝臣“渴望返回葡萄牙及其失去的遗产”? A: 说明朝臣是多么保守 B:帮助解释朝臣所采取的立场 C:举一个革命产生的影响的例子 D:为了说明为什么Joao国王以他的方式劝告他的儿子 【判定题型】:根据题干问法“why …… mention”,题目询问King Joao's courtiers "hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates"的修辞目的,可以判断本题为修辞目的题。 【关键词定位】:首先我们来看题干中的这句话:廷臣们“都渴望回到葡萄牙,回到他们所失去的家园”。回到原文当中看,根据上文我们知道若奥六世是个非常优柔寡断的人,不知道如何做选择。而根据下文,他最终批准了新宪法并乘船回到了葡萄牙。那么对于他做出决定的关键性的人物,就是courtiers。句子中说“Under the pressure of his courtiers”。 【引用内容分析】: 句子中说“Under the pressure of his courtiers”,可见,题干中的这个定语是为了强调说明courtiers的地位,他们能够对若奥六世施压,迫使他做出决定。 【选项分析】: B选项, 他们能够对若奥六世施压,迫使他做出决定,所以B选项正确。 A选项:说明廷臣们有多么的保守。“conservative”一词在上文中有提到,“The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but they were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil.”但句子的主语是revolutionaries,所以与courtiers没有关系,A排除。 C选项:举例说明革命带来的影响。错误,因为阴影部分内容只是一个定语,不是举例,旨在修饰“courtiers”,所以C排除。 D选项:说明为什么若奥六世在信中建议儿子那样做。根据下文内容,若奥六世在信中劝告佩德罗如果巴西要求独立的话,他应该领导独立运动,但是这和courtiers并没有直接联系。D选项排除。

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