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OFFICIAL51 An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Around 3100 B.C. Memphis was chosen for its strategic importance to be the first capital of a recently united Egypt.

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Memphis: United Egypt's First Capital
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QQ20170920171137.pngThe city of Memphis, located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo, was founded around 3100 B.C. as the first capital of a recently united Egypt. The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance. First, and most obvious, the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center, standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country. The older predynastic (pre-3100 B.C.) centers of power, This and Hierakonpolis, were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta, which had been incorporated into the unified state. Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out, difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt (roughly 3000-2600 B.C.) required.

The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications, even before the unification of Egypt. The region probably acted as a conduit for much, if not all, of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt. Moreover, commodities (such as wine, precious oils, and metals) imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south. In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm, an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.

Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt. The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication and the national capital was, again, ideally located in this respect. Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times. It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade, transport, and communications than was previously appreciated. Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums. When the floodplain was much lower, as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times, the outwash fans (fan-shaped deposits of sediments) of various wadis (stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods) would have been much more prominent features on the east bank. The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain, forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis. The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers, making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.

Furthermore, the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the control not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes. The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert. In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East, to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi. Access to, and control of, trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt’s rulers during the period of state formation. The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt. The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental. Moreover, the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage. As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement; this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.

14.An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Around 3100 B.C. Memphis was chosen for its strategic importance to be the first capital of a recently united Egypt.

A.River-based trade from northern Egypt and imported goods going south all passed through the Memphis region, making Memphis an ideal location for controlling trade.

B.Recent geological surveys suggest that the topographical features of the Memphis region made it particularly well-suited for controlling communications and trade.

C.The rulers of unified Egypt enjoyed a monopoly over foreign trade because all such trade was required to go through the Wadi Digla, to which the rulers controlled all access.

D.After Memphis became the capital city, river-based trade along the Nile gained in importance, while land-based desert trade declined in importance.

E.The Nile, despite a constriction of its valley near Memphis, was the most advantageous route for communication and travel once the floodplain had begun to rise.

F.While the location of Memphis was agriculturally favorable, it was particularly attractive because it enabled Egypt's rulers to control trade moving through the desert from the Near East.

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正确答案:ABF
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【题目翻译】下面提供一篇短文摘要的介绍性句子,通过选择三个答案来完成摘要,这些答案表达了短文中最重要的观点。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有呈现的想法,或者是文章中的次要思想。 大约公元前3100年,孟菲斯因其战略重要性被选为最近统一后的埃及的第一个首都。 A:埃及北部以河流为基础的贸易和向南进口的货物都通过孟菲斯地区,使孟菲斯成为控制贸易的理想地点。 B:最近的地质调查表明,孟菲斯地区的地形特征使它特别适合于控制通信和贸易。 C:统一后的埃及的统治者享有对外贸易的垄断权,因为所有这些贸易都要经过迪格拉河谷,统治者控制着通往该河的所有通道。 D:孟菲斯成为首都后,尼罗河沿岸以河流为基础的贸易日益重要,而以土地为基础的沙漠贸易的重要性下降。 E:尼罗河虽然在孟菲斯附近收缩了河谷,但是一旦洪水泛滥平原开始上升,尼罗河是最有利的交通和旅游路线。 F:孟菲斯的地理位置在农业上是有利的,但是它特别有吸引力,因为它使埃及统治者能够控制从近东经过沙漠的贸易。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 A选项说河流贸易和进口商品到南方都要经过孟斐斯,使孟斐斯成为了控制贸易的理想地点。正确,对应文章第二段2、3句,故A选项是文章第二段的概括总结,故正确。 B选项说最近的地质研究发现孟斐斯的地形特征使它成为控制通讯和贸易的理想地点。对应文章第三段中的这句话“It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade, transport, and communications than was previously appreciated.”故B选项是对文章第三段的概括总结,故正确。 C选项说埃及的统治者垄断外国贸易,因为这些贸易都需要经过Digla河。对应最后一段的这句话“In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East, to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi.” C选项在文中没有明确提到,而且只是细节信息,不是文章主旨。故排除。 D选项说孟斐斯成为首都之后,尼罗河贸易的重要性增加,而陆地沙漠贸易的重要性降低。该信息在文中未提及,且根据全文信息,我们可以推测沙漠贸易在当时同样重要。故D选项排除。 E选项说尽管孟斐斯附近的山谷受到了挤压,但是当泛滥平原上升的时候尼罗河依然是通讯和旅行的最佳路线。该信息在文中未提及,而且是细节信息,可以直接排除。 F选项说孟斐斯的地理位置除了有利于农业发展之外,它还有利于埃及的统治者控制埃及与近东地区的沙漠贸易。是文章最后一段的概括总结,故F选项正确。

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