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OFFICIAL44 Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer?

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The Use Of The Camera Obscura
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The precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole. The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image. For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint. Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.

Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer's possession, reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected. When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura, claiming that for up to 400 years, many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings. He includes in this group Caravaggio, Hans Holbein, Leonardo da Vinci, Diego Velazquez, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Agnolo Bronzino, and Jan van Eyck. From an artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami, the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.

So what are we to conclude? If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their stature? Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting. In experimenting with it, he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing, and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.

4.Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer?

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【题目翻译】第2段回答了以下关于维米尔绘画的哪些问题? A:维米尔的画有什么特点表明他可能用过相机暗盒? B:为什么维米尔只画了30幅画? C:维米尔的画一般来说是不是意味着如果不使用相机暗盒,他就无法准确地绘画? D:如果维米尔用的是照相机暗盒,他为什么要在画的画布上画一个X光的图像? 【判定题型】:题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息,故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。 【关键词定位】:根据关键词“xx”,定位到Passage x 第x句,原句为“One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. ”,意思是“从这个角度分析绘画的艺术家之一是伟大的荷兰大师简·维米尔,他生活在荷兰艺术和科学的繁荣时期,从1632年到1675年,包括光学科学。”。 【逻辑分析】定位句是对此段开篇问句的解释Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. 接下去的信息都是在讲Vermeer使用camera obscura制作的画作的特点。 【选项分析】 A:与文章意思一致,正确。 B:未提及,错误。 C:未提及,错误。 D:文章只说:当用X射线检测这幅画时,颜料下的帆布上并没有任何草图的痕迹。并未提及暗箱和X光的图像之间的关系。错误。

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