Data from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies. | New techniques for studying infant perception have improved the accuracy with which researchers observe and quantify infant responses | Indirect observation is most accurate when researchers use it to test auditory and olfactory perception in neonates. | Visual indicators such as turning the head, blinking the eyes, or crying remain the best evidence of an infant’s perceptual abilities. | Pacifiers are commonly used in studies to calm an infant who has been presented with excessive stimuli. | Sophisticated techniques that have aided new discoveries about perception in the neonate continue to be indirect measures. |
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