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OFFICIAL37 Paragraph 5 suggests that, in speculating about the nature of the universe, Milesian thinkers

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Thales And The Milesians
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While many other observers and thinkers had laid the groundwork for science, Thales (circa 624 B.C.E-ca 547 B.C.E.), the best known of the earliest Greek philosophers, made the first steps toward a new, more objective approach to finding out about the world. He posed a very basic question: "What is the world made of? " Many others had asked the same question before him, but Thales based his answer strictly on what he had observed and what he could reason out-not on imaginative stories about the gods or the supernatural. He proposed water as the single substance from which everything in the world was made and developed a model of the universe with Earth as a flat disk floating in water.

Like most of the great Greek philosophers, Thales had an influence on others around him. His two best-known followers, though there were undoubtedly others who attained less renown, were Anaximander and Anaximenes. Both were also from Miletus (located on the southern coast of present-day Turkey) and so, like Thales, were members of the Milesian School. Much more is known about Anaximander than about Anaximenes, probably because Anaximander, who was born sometime around 610 B.C.E, ambitiously attempted to write a comprehensive history of the universe. As would later happen between another teacher-student pair of philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, Anaximander disagreed with his teacher despite his respect for him. He doubted that the world and all its contents could be made of water and proposed instead a formless and unobservable substance he called "apeiron" that was the source of all matter.

Anaximander's most important contributions, though, were in other areas. Although he did not accept that water was the prime element, he did believe that all life originated in the sea, and he was thus one of the first to conceive of this important idea. Anaximander is credited with drawing up the first world map of the Greeks and also with recognizing that Earth's surface was curved.He believed, though, that the shape of Earth was that of a cylinder rather than the sphere that later Greek philosophers would conjecture. Anaximander, observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar, was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth-an idea that, elaborated upon later, would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.

Unfortunately, most of Anaximander's written history of the universe was lost, and only a few fragments survive today. Little is known about his other ideas. Unfortunately, too, most of the written work for Anaximenes, who may have been Anaximander's pupil, has also been lost. All we can say for certain about Anaximenes, who was probably born around 560 BCE, is that following in the tradition of Anaximander, he also disagreed with his mentor. The world, according to Anaximenes, was not composed of either water or apeiron, but air itself was the fundamental element of the universe. Compressed, it became water and earth, and when rarefied or thinned out, it heated up to become fire. Anaximenes may have also been the first to study rainbows and speculate upon their natural rather than supernatural cause.

With the door opened by Thales and the other early philosophers of Milestus, Greek thinkers began to speculate about the nature of the universe. This exciting burst of intellectual activity was for the most part purely creative. The Greeks, from Thales to Plato and Aristotle, were philosophers and not scientists in today's sense. It is possible for anyone to create "ideas" about the nature and structure of the universe, for instance, and many times these ideas can be so consistent and elaborately structured, or just so apparently obvious, that they can be persuasive to many people. A scientific theory about the universe, however, demands much more than the various observations and analogies that were woven together to form systems of reasoning, carefully constructed as they were, that would eventually culminate in Aristotle's model of the world and the universe. Without experimentation and objective, critical testing of their theories, the best these thinkers could hope to achieve was some internally consistent speculation that covered all the bases and satisfied the demands of reason.

11.Paragraph 5 suggests that, in speculating about the nature of the universe, Milesian thinkers

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【题目翻译】第5段表明,在推测宇宙的性质时,米利西亚的思想家 A:仔细运用推理 B:科学地研究宇宙 C:批判性地检验了他们的理论 D:保持他们的理论简单 【判定题型】:题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息,故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。 【关键词定位】本题根据Milesian thinkers去回到原文中定位,发现出题点分布在第五段。第五段的意思是:泰勒斯和其他米力都的哲学家开启了探索之门后,希腊思想家们开始推测宇宙的本源。@@@@这场激动人心的头脑大爆发在很多方面都是创新的。@@@@从泰勒斯到柏拉图再到亚里士多德的希腊人,在今天看来,他们不是科学家,而是哲学家。@@@@任何一个人都可以对自然或者宇宙组成的本源提出自己的想法,很多时候这些想法是一致的且精心架构的,或者只是太明显以至于对于很多人都有说服力。@@@@一个精心构建的关于宇宙的科学理论,不论它需要多少多于各种各样观察和类比来形成推理的系统,最终会在亚里士多德的世界宇宙模型里达到成熟。@@@@没有实验和客观的、批判性的对于理论的测试,这些思想家可以期待做到最好的是一些内部一致的推测,这些推测涵盖了所有的基础,并满足了推理的要求。 【逻辑分析】本段说了希腊思想家们推测宇宙的本源。 【选项分析】 选项A来自that were woven together to form systems of reasoning, carefully constructed as they were,的确是来自谨慎的推理,正确;选择A。 选项B和C来自Without experimentation and objective, critical testing of their theories,这个结论并没有实验研究支撑,也没有客观的批判的检验,选项B和C都是错误的; 选项D来自these ideas can be so consistent and elaborately structured,这个观点是精细的,不是simple的,选项D错误。

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